Remarkable Contributions of Women in Mathematics and Science

Women have played pivotal roles in the advancement of mathematics and science since time immemorial. While their groundbreaking work has significantly altered our understanding of the world, many of these extraordinary women remain largely unknown. From the first female Nobel laureate to a pioneering primatologist, here’s a look at 30 women whose legacies have forever transformed math and science.

Donna Strickland (Born 1959)

Donna Strickland was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2018 for her innovative development of a method for generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses. A native of Guelph, Ontario, Strickland delved into the realm of laser and electro-optics while studying at McMaster University. During her doctoral studies at the University of Rochester in New York, she collaborated with French physicist Gérard Mourou to create chirped pulse amplification (CPA). This technology has numerous applications, including in LASIK eye surgery. Strickland’s work elevated laser intensity, reshaping the discourse around atom interactions with high-intensity light.

Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958)

Rosalind Franklin’s pivotal work laid the foundation for our understanding of the double helix structure of DNA, although recognition came posthumously when her contributions were acknowledged in the Nobel Prize awarded to others who utilized her research without consent. Franklin received her doctorate from the University of Cambridge in 1945, later using X-ray crystallography to capture vital images of DNA, notably Photo 51, which indicated a helical shape. Despite her pivotal role, Franklin faced personal and professional challenges throughout her career.

Jennifer Doudna (Born 1964)

Biochemist Jennifer Doudna, alongside Emmanuelle Charpentier, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2020 for their groundbreaking work on CRISPR gene editing. This revolutionary technology emerged from a paper published in 2012, transforming bacterial immune systems into precise DNA-editing tools, with applications that extend across medicine, research, and agriculture. Doudna currently serves as a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and is actively involved in discussions surrounding the ethical implications of genetic technologies.

Sally Ride (1951-2012)

Sally Ride made history as the first American woman in space on June 18, 1983, during her mission aboard the Challenger STS-7. Born in Los Angeles, Ride demonstrated a passion for math and science from an early age. After earning full scholarships and multiple degrees, she joined NASA in 1978, contributing to critical missions and advancements in space technology. In addition to her work in aerospace, Ride dedicated her life to encouraging young girls to pursue careers in science and mathematics.

Katherine Johnson (1918-2020)

Katherine Johnson was an exceptional mathematician whose calculations were critical to the success of the early U.S. space program. As part of the “Hidden Figures” team of African American women, Johnson’s trajectory calculations helped launch astronauts into space. With an early love for math, she graduated high school at only 10 years old and earned a position at NACA, which later became NASA. Her groundbreaking calculations gained recognition as she advocated for women’s and minorities’ contributions in STEM fields.

Mary Anning (1799-1847)

Self-taught paleontologist Mary Anning made notable discoveries in the Jurassic fossil beds of Lyme Regis, England. Anning’s meticulous fossil excavations led to significant findings, including the first ichthyosaur and plesiosaur fossils. Despite the societal barriers of her time, she provided crucial insights into prehistory and laid foundational work in paleontology—her legacy lives on in the naming of the ichthyosaur species Ichthyosaurus anningae in her honor.

Maria Sibylla Merian (1647-1717)

Maria Sibylla Merian was a trailblazing entomologist who documented insect life and lifecycles with unparalleled accuracy. Her groundbreaking work revealed important biological processes and interactions with habitats. Merian’s renowned publication, “Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium,” showcased her meticulous observations gathered during her research in Suriname.

Sylvia Earle (Born 1935)

Marine biologist Sylvia Earle, affectionately called “Her Deepness,” has dedicated her life to ocean research. Earle began her underwater explorations in the late 1960s and was the first female scientist to descend to 100 feet in a submersible. Throughout her career, she has led numerous expeditions, aiming to educate the public about ocean conservation and advocate for marine ecosystems.

Mae Jemison (Born 1956)

In 1992, Mae Jemison became the first African American woman to travel in space aboard the space shuttle Endeavour. A multifaceted professional, Jemison is also a medical doctor, educator, and technology entrepreneur. Her impressive journey from a young girl in Decatur, Alabama, to a trailblazing astronaut exemplifies the importance of diversity in the fields of science and technology.

Maria Goeppert Mayer (1906-1972)

Theoretical physicist Maria Goeppert Mayer made history as the second woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963, thanks to her work in nuclear structure. Born in Germany, she advanced her studies against societal norms, contributing to significant advancements in understanding atomic structure, ultimately earning her recognition in the scientific community despite the challenges faced by women in her field.

Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909-2012)

Rita Levi-Montalcini was a neuroscientist who defied her father’s expectations to pursue a distinguished career in science. Her groundbreaking discovery of nerve growth factor earned her a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986, highlighting her significant contributions to neurology and human development beyond the challenges posed by World War II.

Maryam Mirzakhani (1977-2017)

Mathematician Maryam Mirzakhani was the first woman to be awarded the Fields Medal in 2014, recognized for her significant work on the geometry of curved spaces. Her contributions provided crucial insights into geodesics, impacting fields such as earthquake studies and mathematical theory. Mirzakhani’s untimely passing from cancer in 2017 left behind a powerful legacy that continues to inspire female mathematicians worldwide.

Emmy Noether (1882-1935)

Emmy Noether is hailed as one of the most influential mathematicians of the 20th century, known for her foundational work in abstract algebra and theoretical physics. Noether’s theorem, which links symmetries and conservation laws, has become a cornerstone of modern physics. Despite facing discrimination as a Jewish woman, her remarkable contributions fundamentally shaped various mathematical disciplines.

Susan Solomon (Born 1956)

Susan Solomon is a distinguished atmospheric chemist known for her pivotal role in discovering the link between chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and the depletion of the ozone layer. Her groundbreaking research led to international policy changes, including the U.N. Montreal Protocol, which effectively banned CFCs and contributed to preserving our planet’s atmosphere.

Virginia Apgar (1909-1974)

Dr. Virginia Apgar was instrumental in establishing the field of neonatology, most notably through the creation of the Apgar score, which assesses newborn health quickly and efficiently. After earning her medical degree, Apgar broke through barriers in a male-dominated field, ultimately becoming a full professor and influencing practices that significantly reduced infant mortality rates.

Brenda Milner (Born 1918)

Brenda Milner is regarded as the founder of neuropsychology, with extensive research into memory and brain functions. Her studies involving Patient H.M. revealed the complexities of memory systems and their relationship with specific brain regions. Milner continues to make impactful contributions to neurosciences as a professor at McGill University at the age of 104.

Karen Uhlenbeck (Born 1942)

Mathematician Karen Uhlenbeck earned the Abel Prize in 2019, making her the first woman to receive this prestigious award. Recognized for her work in geometric analysis and mathematical physics, Uhlenbeck continues to inspire future generations with her creative genius and breakthrough contributions to important mathematical theories.

Jane Goodall (Born 1934)

Jane Goodall’s pioneering research on wild chimpanzees has reshaped our understanding of these primates and human evolution. Her immersive observational studies in Gombe, Tanzania, led to groundbreaking insights, such as tool use among chimps. Goodall’s advocacy for conservation and animal welfare remains influential through the Jane Goodall Institute.

Ada Lovelace (1815-1852)

Ada Lovelace, often cited as the world’s first computer programmer, made significant strides in early computing concepts. Her work with Charles Babbage’s analytical engine laid theoretical groundwork for future advancements in computational theory. Lovelace’s contributions continue to inspire women in STEM fields today.

Dorothy Hodgkin (1910-1994)

Dorothy Hodgkin was an English chemist awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for her groundbreaking work in determining the structures of biologically significant molecules like penicillin and vitamin B12 through X-ray crystallography. Her passion for chemistry at a young age led her to become a trailblazer in the field.

Caroline Herschel (1750-1848)

Caroline Herschel was a renowned astronomer in the 18th century, credited as the first professional female astronomer. Overcoming familial constraints, she discovered multiple nebulas and became the first woman to discover a comet while working alongside her brother, William Herschel. Her contributions paved the way for women in astronomy.

Sophie Germain (1776-1831)

French mathematician Sophie Germain made significant advancements in mathematics despite facing barriers due to her gender. Her work included contributions to number theory and elasticity. Germain’s determination and intellect led her to correspond with eminent mathematicians of her time, earning her a place in mathematical history.

Patricia Bath (1942-2019)

Dr. Patricia Bath was a pioneering African American ophthalmologist and laser scientist. Recognized for her innovative work in ophthalmology, including the development of the laserphaco probe for cataract surgery, Bath’s career reflected her commitment to advancing eye health and addressing disparities in access to care.

Rachel Carson (1907-1964)

Rachel Carson was a groundbreaking biologist and author, famed for her book “Silent Spring,” which highlighted the detrimental effects of pesticides on the environment. Her work sparked a national environmental movement and contributed to significant policy changes regarding pesticide use and conservation efforts globally.

Ingrid Daubechies (Born 1954)

Ingrid Daubechies is a mathematician recognized for her pioneering work in wavelet theory, significantly impacting image processing and data analysis fields. As a professor at Duke University, her research intersects mathematics with engineering and computer science, inspiring future generations in diverse scientific domains.

Marie Curie (1867-1934)

Marie Curie made history as the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, earning accolades for her groundbreaking research on radioactivity. Her discoveries of radium and polonium significantly impacted medical science and cancer treatment. Curie’s remarkable achievements established her as a towering figure in scientific history, paving the way for women in science in future generations.

Barbara McClintock (1902-1992)

Barbara McClintock, a pioneering geneticist, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1983 for her discoveries related to mobile genetic elements, known as “jumping genes.” Despite facing skepticism from her peers early in her career, McClintock’s groundbreaking work reshaped the understanding of genetics and her discoveries remain fundamental to modern genetic science.

Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997)

Chien-Shiung Wu was a prominent physicist known for her groundbreaking work on beta decay and her contributions to the Manhattan Project during World War II. Her research laid essential groundwork for understanding weak interactions in physics. Wu overcame cultural and professional barriers to become an influential figure in physics education and research.

Melba Roy Mouton (1929-1990)

Melba Roy Mouton was a mathematician and computer scientist who played a vital role in NASA’s Apollo 11 mission. As the head mathematician at Goddard Space Flight Center, her expertise in trajectory analysis was key to NASA’s successes during a critical time in space exploration. In 2023, a lunar mountain was named in her honor, enshrining her legacy in history.

Alice Ball (1892-1916)

Alice Ball was a remarkable chemist known for developing the “Ball Method,” a revolutionary treatment for leprosy that remained in use for decades. She was the first African-American to earn a degree from the University of Hawaii and overcame significant barriers in her field, exemplifying the impact of women in medicine.